C
Calender
A machine used to bond fibres of a web or sheets of fabric or film to each other or to create surface features on these sheets. It consists of two or more heavy cylinders that impart heat and pressure to the sheets that are drawn between them. The rollers can be mirror smooth, embossed with a pattern, or porous.
Calender bonding
A process for thermally bonding webs by passing them through the nip of a pair of rolls, one or both of which are heated. Plain or patterned rolls may be employed (see POINT BONDING). Alternatively, a blanket calendar may be used.
Calendering
A mechanical finishing process used to laminate or to produce special surface features such as high lustre, glazing and embossed patterns.
Card
A machine designed to separate fibres and remove impurities; align and deliver them to be laid down as a web or to be further separated and fed to an airlaid process. The fibres in the web are aligned with each other predominantly in the same direction. The machine consists of a series of rolls or a drum that are covered with many projecting wires or metal teeth. These wire-clothed rolls or drums are called cards.
Carding
A process for making fibrous webs in which the fibres are aligned essentially parallel to each other in the direction in which the machine produces the web (machine direction).
Carding willow
A machine designed to give a gentle carding treatment to the fibre.
Carded
A web of fibres produced by carding.
Carded nonwoven
A carded web, bonded by one or more techniques to provide fabric integrity.
Carpet backing
Support sheet on the back of a carpet through which the tufts are inserted or adhered.
Catalyst
A chemical that changes the rate of a chemical reaction, usually to speed it up, and is not consumed to form the product.
Cationic
A chemical carrying a positive electrical charge.
Cellulosic fibres
Made from plants that produce fibrous products based on polymers of the cellulose molecule. Cotton plants produce separate cellulose fibres, whereas wood pulp is made by mechanically and/or chemically separating wood fibres. Other sources of cellulose are fibres such as flax manila, ramie and jute. Rayon is made by dissolving wood pulp in a solution and extruding that solution through spinnerets into a chemical bath that regenerates the fibres.
Char
The flame affected part of a fabric after it has been burned.
Chemical bonding
A method of bonding webs of fibres by chemical agents that may include adhesives and solvents. The process may entail one or more of the following methods: impregnation, spraying, printing and foam application.
NOTE: chemical bonding using chemical agents occurs only in a reactive system, e.g. a crosslinkable dispersion. Normal polymer bonding as it happens with non-reactive polymer binders (e.g. fibres, adhesives or lattices) is a physical process.
Chemical finishing
Processes that apply additives to change the aesthetic and functional properties of a material. Examples are the application of antioxidants, flame retardants, wetting agents and stain and water repellents.
Chips
Feed stock in the form of pellets or granules Examples are polymers used in fibre production and wood pulp used in rayon production.
Civil Engineering fabrics See GEOTEXTILES.
Clearer roll
In carding, keeps the bottom feed roll clean.
Clump
A knot of fibres in a web resulting from their improper separation.
Coagulation
The agglomeration of suspended particles from a dispersed state.
Coalescence
To come to together - form a whole particle.
Coanda(effect)
The phenomenon of a fluid stream following a curved surface placed in its path even if it is not in contact. From the persons name Coanda. Originally applied to airflow patterns over an aircraft wing.
Coating
Application of a liquid material to one or both surfaces of a fabric, followed by drying and/or curing.
Cohension
The resistance of similar materials to be separated from each other.
Examples are: the tendency of fibres to adhere to each other during processing, the resistance of a web to being pulled apart, and the resistance of a component of a laminate to being torn apart when the adhesive interface in the laminate is being stressed.
Colloidal
Microscopic particles uniformly dispersed throughout a second substance or phase.
Combing
In carding, the part of the process that removes neps and straightens the fibres.
Comfort
The sense of well-being in wearing clothing that comes from characteristics such as hand, breathability, softness, lightweight, and warmth.
Composite
1) A composite material can be defined as a macroscopic combination of two or more distinct materials, having a recognisable interface between them.
2) The term composite nonwoven is used when the essential part of the composite can be identified as a nonwoven. If the essential part cannot be identified, the term composite nonwoven is used when the mass of the nonwoven content is greater than the mass of any other component material. A composite nonwoven may be a nonwoven i.e. a prebonded fabric, to which filaments or spun yarns have been added.
3) If the composite nonwoven is a combination of different layers, according to the nature of these layers or to the bonding process it may be called:
Complex
- the use of the term 'complex' limited to the association of two or several webs or nonwoven fabrics by means of bonding, i.e. latex bonding, hydro-entangling, needle punching, thermo-bonding or stitch bonding.
LAMINATE - produced by laminating. The term laminating means the permanent joining of two or more prefabricated materials, at least one of which is nonwoven, using an additional medium (i.e. adhesive) if necessary to secure bonding.
4) Coated nonwovens are nonwovens, where a layer (or layers) of an adherent coating material has been uniformly applied either as a continuous layer or in a pattern on one or both surfaces.
Colourfastness
The ability of a material to retain its colour when exposed to conditions (such as washing, drycleaning, sunlight, etc.) that can remove or destroy colour.
Conditioning
A process of allowing materials to reach equilibrium with the moisture and temperature of the surrounding atmosphere. The atmosphere may be a standard 65 percent relative humidity and 20 degrees centigrade, for testing purposes, or other conditions that are optimum for manufacturing or processing.
Contactangle
The angle between the face exposed to air of a drop of liquid and the material on which it is resting. Small angles, presented by flattened-out drops, indicate greater wettability of the material by the liquid. Large angles, represented by rounded drops, indicate repellency.
Continuous filament
A fibre of unending length, usually made by extruding a plastic or polymer solution through a hole in a die called a spinneret.
Converter
An organisation that manufactures finished products from fabrics supplied in rolls; or provides intermediate processing steps such as slitting, dyeing and printing.
Copolymer
A polymer chain made up of monomeric units from more than one monomer, e.g. vinyl acetate / ethylene polymers.
Cotton fibre
A unicellular, natural fibre composed of an almost pure cellulose. As taken from plants, the fibre is found in lengths of 8 mm - 50 mm. For marketing, the fibres are graded and classified for length, strength and colour.
Cover
The degree to which a fabric hides an underlying structure.
Coverstock
A lightweight nonwoven material used to contain and conceal an undjerlying core material. Examples are the facing materials that cover the absorbent cores of diapers, sanitary napkins and adult incontinence products.
Crepe
A quality in a fabric imparted by wrinkling or embossing to give a crimped surface and greater fabric bulk.
Crimp
The waviness of a fibre. Crimp amplitude is the height of the wave with reference to the straight uncrimped fibre.
Crimp frequency
The number of crimps per unit of length.
OR LEVEL
Crimp energy
The work needed to straighten out a fibre.
Crimp percent
The length difference between the crimped and stretched out fibre expressed as a percentage.
Cross direction
The width direction, within the plane of the fabric, that is perpendicular to the direction in which the
fabric is being produced by the machine.
Cross laying
Forming a multilayer web on to a conveyor belt by laying thereon a web to and fro at right angles to the direction in which the conveyor belt travels. The orientation of the fibres is dependent on the speed of the web delivery, the speed of the conveyor belt, and the width of the final web. In many cases a majority of the fibres will lie in the cross direction.
Cross laid
A web of fibres, formed by crosslaying.
Crosslapper
A machine used to fold or layer fibre webs across their widths. The crosslapper provides webs with both machine direction and cross direction fibre orientation, can change web width, or web weight.
Cross linking
A chemical reaction that creates bonds at several points between polymers. These cause the polymers to be less soluble and to undergo changes in elasticity and stiffness.
Cross section
The outline profile of a cut end of a fibre when it is cut perpendicular to its long axis. These profiles can be round, oval, irregular or complex shapes depending on the shape of the die used to extrude the synthetic fibre; or for a natural fibre, depending on its growth pattern.
Crystalline
Orderly arrangement of molecules and polymer chains in a fibre or plastic.
Crystal A three-dimensional atomic (or ionic or molecular) structure with periodically repeating identical cells.
Crystallise
To partially or completely convert to a crystal form from a liquid or glassy state.
Curing
A process by which resins, binders or plastics are set into or onto fabrics, usually by heating, to cause them to stay in place. The setting may occur by removing solvent or by crosslinking so as to make them insoluble.
Cutter
A device that is used to reduce the length of fibres particularly man-made staple fibres.
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